THE SYMBOLISM OF NUMBERS

                   An Essay by John W. Hawkins

________________________________________________

Symbol:    Something that represents something else by

           association, resemblance, or convention;

           especially, a material object used to represent

           something invisible.  (From Latin "symbolum", a

           sign or a token, which in turn is from Greek

           "sumballein", to throw together, compare.)

Symbolism: The revelation or suggestion of intangible

           conditions or truths by artistic invention.

                      - The American Heritage Dictionary

    In "The Nature of Reality (Part I)" several pages were 

spent exploring the symbolism connected with the numbers 

3, 6, and 7.  In this essay I would like to explore number 

symbolism in a little more depth based on ancient cabala 

as well as on the insights of those writers and 

philosophers which are found in the volumes of the "Great

Books of the Western World".

    The use of numbers as symbols is as old as language 

itself, but that which the numbers "symbolize" (i.e. the 

reality that lies behind the outward sign) precedes a 

written language altogether.  I obviously have no way of 

"proving" this rather outlandish statement except perhaps 

by an appeal to the opinions of those older and wiser than 

I and to your intuitive faculty, which can quickly decide 

whether or not what is being said has the ring of truth.

    "In symbolism, numbers are not merely the expressions 

of quantities; but idea-forces, each with a particular 

character of its own." (J. E. Cirlot, "A Dictionary of 

Symbols", p. 220)

    "The very numbers you use in counting are more than 

you take them to be.  They are at the same time 

mythological elements (for the Pythagoreans, they were 

even divine); but you are certainly unaware of this when 

you use numbers for a practical purpose." (Carl Jung, "Man 

and His Symbols", p. 40)

    Outwardly, of course, the use of numbers began in the 

simple (at least to us) process of counting like objects 

(deer, woolly mammoths, children, etc.)  Primitive peoples 

had little use for large numbers.  I understant that there 

are still aboriginal tribes in the world today whose 

numbers consist of one, two, three, and many.  Similarly, 

you may recall from my essay, "Reality (Part I)", the 

verse from the Tao Te Ching by Lao Tsu: "From the Tao came 

One; from One, Two; from Two, Three; and from Three, the 

many things."  Thus the Almighty Himself, according to Lao 

Tsu, began the universe by first differentiating the 

undifferentiated into a unity, thence into a duad, and

then into a ternary, from which sprang the manifold 

universe as we see it today.

    When larger numbers were required by our remote 

ancestors. they made "scores" or "tallies" on a stick or 

tablet, one score or tally for each event.  ("Score" comes 

from the Anglo-Saxon word "sceran"  meaning "to cut", from

which we also get words like "shears" and "shore" as to 

shore up a building with cut timbers.  "Tally" comes from 

the French word, "tailler" also meaning "to cut" from 

which we get "tailor", one who cuts material.)  Even as 

late as 351 B.C. a Greek inscription was found using seven 

lines for the number seven.  (Encyclopedia Americana, Vol. 

20, p.492).  Even some of our own number symbols (which 

are based on Arabic numerals) are merely cursive (i.e. 

connected) forms derived from Hindu line representations 

of numbers:

                                          _____

                       _____              _____

   _____  becoming 1;  _____ becoming 2;  _____ becoming 3

    The numbers 4, 5, 6, 7, 8 and 9 likewise derive from 

Arabic symbols for these numbers, which several times 

removed derive from Hindu letters, which in turn are 

derived from the Bactrian alphabet. (ibid)  (Bactria, by 

the way, is now located in Northeastern Afghanistan.)  The 

symbol for zero, however, which is primarily used to mark

off the powers of ten, (e.g. 10, 100, 1000 etc.) did not 

come into use until the modern era.  (The earliest known 

use is in an Indian document in 738 A.D.) (ibid)

    The scheme using letters of the alphabet to represent 

numbers was used not only by the Hindus but by the Greeks, 

Romans and Hebrews as well.  The use of the letters I, V, 

X, L, C, D, and M by the Romans for the numbers 1, 5, 10, 

50, 100, and 1,000 respectively is well-known. (e.g. 

MCMLXXXVII stands for the year 1987.)  My high school 

Latin teacher,  Mrs. Barnett, couldn't understand though 

how the Romans used these symbols for arithmetic 

calculations.  The answer, which I learned many years 

later, is that they didn't. (If you don't believe it, try 

multiplying MCDXLVII by MDLXXVI.)  Rather they, as well as 

the Greeks, used the abacus for performing calculations.

    Not as well-known, however, are the number-letter 

correspondences used by the early Greeks and Hebrews.   

You will recall in "Reality (Part II)" my discussion of

the magical quality of words to primitive people.  Numbers 

assigned to letters and then added together also were 

means by which they could get behind the letters 

themselves into the very core meaning of a name or

word.  (Current attempts by so called numerologists to 

apply similar schemes to the English language are, to say 

the least, highly questionable since there are about as

many schemes as there are numerologists.)

    The schema for assigning numerical values to letters 

by the Greeks and the Hebrews is similar but far from 

identical.  In the first place the languages do not have a 

common origin: Greek is derived from the Indo-European 

tree (as are Sanskrit, Persian, Latin, German and English) 

while Hebrew is a Semitic language of which Arabic is the 

only one still spoken to any extent.  In the second place 

there were twenty-seven characters in the ancient Greek 

alphabet while there are only 22 characters in the Hebrew 

one.  The numbers assigned to the various letters in the 

ancient Grek and Hebrew alphabets (as found in Manly

Hall's "The Secret Teachings of All Ages", page 69) are as 

follows:

Hebrew   Letter(s)  Equivalent  Greek   Letter(s)  Equiv.

 Name    Used Here    Number     Name   Used Here  Number

_______  _________  __________  ______  _________  ______

Aleph        A            1     Alpha       A          1

Beth         B            2     Beta        B          2

Gimel        G            3     Gamma       G          3

Daleth       D            4     Delta       D          4

He           H            5     Epsilon     E          5

Vau          V            6     Digamma     *          6

Zain         Z            7     Zeta        Z          7

Heth         e            8     Eta         e          8

Teth         Th           9     Theta       Th         9

Jod          J           10     Iota        I         10

Kaph         K           20     Kappa       K         20

Lamed        L           30     Lambda      L         30

Mem          M           40     Mu          M         40

Nun          N           50     Nu          N         50

Samech       X           60     Xi          X         60

Oin          O           70     Omicron     O         70

Pe           P           80     Pi          P         80

Tzadi        S           90     Episemon bau  *       90

Koph         Ko         100     Rho         R        100

Resh         R          200     Sigma       S        200

Shin         Sh         300     Tau         T        300

Tau          T          400     Upsilon     U        400

                                Phi         Ph       500

                                Chi         Ch       600

                                Psi         Ps       700

                                Omega       o        800

                                Sanpi       *        900

* These are archaic Greek letters and are seldom found in

  Greek texts.  Thus no English letters were needed.

Note: When used at the end of a word, the Hebrew Tau has

      the numerical value of 400, Caph 500, Mem 600,

      Nun 700, Pe 800, Tzadi 900.  A dotted Alpha and a

      dashed Aleph have the value of 1,000.

Even though the languages have different origins and 

characters, the similarity of the English transliteration 

of the names of the letters is striking as are the 

numerical values assigned to the letters until reaching 

those designated R, S, and T.  Perhaps the story in the 

Old Testament of all people on earth having one language 

prior to the building of the Tower of Babel is not so "far 

fetched" after all.

    Numerology at one time may have been an exact science 

but no longer.  Even the rules for determining the 

numerical value of a name are varied.  Some, for example, 

say that the Hebrew word for "man", or in the 

transliteration of Hebrew letters used in this essay, 

"AJSh" (whose numbers are 1, 10, and 300) has a value of 

113 (ignoring the zeros); another that the values should 

be added together (1+10+300=311); while still others 

prefer that all numbers greater than nine should be added 

together so as to yield a single digit (3+1+1=5).  That

method seen most frequently (at least in the texts 

available to me), however, is the simple addition of the 

numerical values assigned to the numbers, which in the 

example above would produce the number 311 for the word 

"man".  By and large, therefore, this is the convention 

that will be followed in the examples of name-number 

equivalents discussed below.  Also the convention is used 

of portraying Hebrew letters from left to right even 

though in the Hebrew language they are always written from 

right to left.

    In number symbolism it often occurs that related 

concepts produce the same numerical value.  For example, 

the Greek word for the Holy Spirit is "TO AGION PNEUMA" 

(using the above transliterations for the Greek letters).  

The addition of the numerical equivalents for each of 

these letters produces the number 1080.  Similarly, the 

Greek word for "fountain of wisdom" is "PeGe SOPhIAS", 

which also produces the numerical value of 1080.  The 

well-known number of the Anti-Christ (called the number of

the Beast in Revelations) is 666.  "Kircher shows that the 

names of Anti-Christ as given by Iraneus all have 666 as 

their numerical equivalent.  TEITAN (300+5+10+300+1+50), 

LAMPETIS (30+1+40+80+5+300+10+200), ANTEMOS (1+50+300+5+40

+70+200), and LATEINOS (30+1+300+5+10+50+70+200)." (Manly 

P. Hall, op. cit., p. 188).  Likewise the Greek word 

ePhReN, which signifies the lower mind, totals 666.

    Also certain names are composites of two numbers each 

of which stands for another name or concept.  For example, 

the number of the Anti-Christ (666) when combined with the 

number of the Holy Ghost (1080) produces the number 1746.  

This number represents the "hierosgamos", the mystical 

marriage of fire and water, the "grain of mustard seed" at

the tip of the Pyramid, the fusion of mercury and sulphur.

"From this union between the terrestrial current 

(accumulated in the rocky mass of the pyramid) and the 

divine spark of celestial fire at its apex was born the 

life essence, the 'elan vital' of the vitalists." (John 

Mitchell's "The New View Over Atlantis", Harper and Row,

1983, p. 155-7).  This was formerly known as "The Spirit 

of the World: or in Greek, "TO PNEUMA KOSMOU", which has a

numerical value of 1080+666 or 1746.  Likewise, the value 

of the expression for a "grain of mustard seed" in Greek 

(KOKKOS SINAPEoS) produces the value of 1746 as does the 

"Glory of the God of Israel" (e DOXA TOU ThEOU ISRAeL).

    The numbers 666 and 1080 also appear in connotations 

other than those of the Anti-Christ and of the Holy 

Spirit.  The number 666 represents a world ruler in 

general, a tyrant or an emperor.  It also represents the 

positive or active charge of solar energy, the male 

principle, the Chinese "yang" and the alchemical sulphur.  

The number 1080, on the other hand, represents the 

counterpart of 666, the moon, water, and the unconscious, 

human imagination, prophesy and intuition.  It also 

represents the feminine principle, the Chinese "yin" and 

the alchemical mercury. (Mitchell, op. cit.)

    Another combination of two numbers produces the

familiar number for Jesus Christ: 888.  (In Hebrew the 

name "Jesus" means "Savior" or "Messiah".)  "Jesus" in

Greek (using our English transliterations) is IeSOUS" (the 

Greek letter "iota" being equivalent to the Hebrew letter 

"yod" which is translated herein as "J").  By substituting 

numbers for these Greek letters we obtain 10, 8, 200, 70, 

400, and 200, whose combination produces 888.  But even 

more impressive is the derivation of the number for the 

man-God from the Hebrew words for "Moses" and the name 

that God gave to Moses at the burning bush, "I Am that I 

AM".  ("Moses", incidentally, in Hebrew means "drawn from 

the water".  I will leave it to your own discretion 

whether you take his name to signify his being taken as a 

baby from the bullrushes along the Nile or from the 

symbolism developed in "Reality - Part II" of Moses being 

a symbol of the evolution of human self-consciousness 

which is drawn from the water of the primitively 

unconscious human psyche.)

    (The following is taken from "The Source of Measures"

as found in H. P. Blavatsky's "The Secret Doctrine", Vol. 

II, p.468.)  The Hebrew for the name of "Moses" is "MShH",

("Moshe" would be a better English translation than Moses) 

whose number is therefore 40+300+5 or 345, while "I AM 

that I AM" in Hebrew ( a variant of JHVH) is "AHJH AShR 

AHJH", becomes 21+501+21 or 543, the reverse (or 

complement) of 345.  Together they form the man-God 

combination of 345+543 or 888!!  Even more curious is the 

fact that when Moses asks to see his face, God tells him 

that no man has ever seen His face and lived, but He will 

show him His "backside" (543 being the "backside" or 

mirror image of 345).

    Another well-known number-name combination is the 

Gnostic name "Abraxas", which was widely used in the 

Middle Ages by the Alchemists and was engraved on many 

talismans during that period.  In our transliteration the 

Greek word is "ABRAXAS", which has a numerical value of 

1+2+100+1+60+1+200 or 365, the number of days in the year.  

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Greeror imagIn esoteric symbolism the caduseus stands for the -es">  In our transliteration the es">  In our transliteration the es">  In our transliteration the as is
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  In our transliteration the as is
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bsp;normal/Pbsp; In our transliteration the 
Greeror imagThis cyclical motion of spirit into matter and of >es">  In our transliteration the es">  In our transliteration the es">  In our transliteration the as is
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  In our transliteration the   In our transliteration the   In our transliteration the   In our transliteration the   In our transliteration the 
bsp;normal/Pbsp; In our transliteration the 

Greeror imagIn the "I Ching" two trigrams are combined into a six -es">  In our transliteration the 
  In our transliteration the   In our transliteration the es">  In our transliteration the es">  In our transliteration the   In our transliteration the 
  In our transliteration the   In our transliteration the   In our transliteration the   In our transliteration the   In our transliteration the   In our transliteration the 
bsp;normal/Pbsp; In our transliteration the 
Greeror imagIn the philosophy of the "I" the "yang" lines (which -es">  In our transliteration the   In our transliteration the   In our transliteration the   In our transliteration the   In our transliteration the   In our transliteration the   In our transliteration the es">  In our transliteration the 
bsp;normal/Pbsp; In our transliteration the 

Greeror imagThis notion of one set of forces or lines moving >es">  In our transliteration the   In our transliteration the es">  In our transliteration the as is

  In our transliteration the   In our transliteration the   In our transliteration the es">  In our transliteration the es">  In our transliteration the   In our transliteration the   In our transliteration the < which rules in every -es">  In our transliteration the es">  In our transliteration the   In our transliteration the   In our transliteration the 

  In our transliteration the   In our transliteration the es">  In our transliteration the es">  In our transliteration the es">  In our transliteration the es">  In our transliteration the es">  In our transliteration the 

Greeror imagSimilar ideas permeate the Pythagorean teachings on -es">  In our transliteration the as is

  In our transliteration the as is

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  In our transliteration the es">  In our transliteration the es">  In our transliteration the as is

  In our transliteration the <"When thou -es">  In our transliteration the   In our transliteration the   In our transliteration the es">  In our transliteration the 

Greeror imagThe principle of cyclic movement is also found in the >es">  In our transliteration the as is

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  In our transliteration the es">  In our transliteration the es">  In our transliteration the 

Greeror imag"Man fell by proceeding from Four to Nine, and can -es">  In our transliteration the   In our transliteration the as is

  In our transliteration the   In our transliteration the es">  In our transliteration the 

Gree">Gree">Gree">Gree">Gree">Gree">Gree">Gree">Gree">Gree">Gree">Gree">Gree">Gree">Gree">Greeror imag(As found in C. Heline, op. cit. p.74).>es">  In our transliteration the 

Greeror imagTo explain this rather cryptic saying of St. Martin's>es">  In our transliteration the   In our transliteration the as is

  In our transliteration the   In our transliteration the as is

es">  In our transliteration the   In our transliteration the   In our transliteration the as is

es">  In our transliteration the es">  In our transliteration the es">  In our transliteration the   In our transliteration the es">  In our transliteration the es">  In our transliteration the es">  In our transliteration the es">  In our transliteration the 

Greeror imagTo understand why St. Martin begins this cycle with -es">  In our transliteration the   In our transliteration the es">  In our transliteration the   In our transliteration the es">  In our transliteration the es">  In our transliteration the es">  In our transliteration the es">  In our transliteration the as is

es">  In our transliteration the as is

  In our transliteration the   In our transliteration the es">  In our transliteration the es">  In our transliteration the es">  In our transliteration the 

Greeror imagTo understand how es">  In our transliteration the   In our transliteration the as is

  In our transliteration the as is

  In our transliteration the es">  In our transliteration the es">  In our transliteration the   In our transliteration the   In our transliteration the es">  In our transliteration the as is

  In our transliteration the   In our transliteration the   In our transliteration the as is

 a total of 9 (i.e. 4+ 3+ 2).>es">  In our transliteration the 

Greeror imagThere are two additional concepts besides the law of >es">  In our transliteration the es">  In our transliteration the es">  In our transliteration the  spirit forces) >es">  In our transliteration the   In our transliteration the  forces) combine B> work together -es">  In our transliteration the es">  In our transliteration the es">  In our transliteration the 

Greeror imagTo grasp the connection between spiritual forces and-es">  In our transliteration the es">  In our transliteration the 

Greeror imag"In symbolism, numbers are not merely the expressions>es">  In our transliteration the 

Gree">Greeror imagof quantities; but idea-forces, each with a>es">  In our transliteration the 

Gree">Greeror imagparticular character of its own." (J. E. Cirlot)>es">  In our transliteration the 

Greeror imag"Behold [He] who hath created these things, that>es">  In our transliteration the 

Gree">Greeror imagbringeth out their host by number: he calleth them>es">  In our transliteration the 

Gree">Greeror imagall by names . . .">as is

es">  In our transliteration the 

Greeror imagEach level of creation, therefore, involves a>es">  In our transliteration the es">  In our transliteration the  each being. ("The world hath many centers, one fB>>es">  In our transliteration the es">  In our transliteration the  number of an entity, therefore, is-es">  In our transliteration the   In our transliteration the es">  In our transliteration the as is

 tuning forks are able to>es">  In our transliteration the es">  In our transliteration the es">  In our transliteration the  name cause a sympathetic response in>es">  In our transliteration the es">  In our transliteration the 

Greeror imag"God thundereth marvelously with his voice; great>es">  In our transliteration the